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| - | <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
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| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; '>The core
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| - | principle of our project is the development of a novel reporter system. We
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| - | developed a biological system which is a reporter system more agile and
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| - | recognizable in comparison to the present reporter systems using E.coli.
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| - | Although the currently present reporter systems bear many incapabilities and
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| - | disadvantages, the lack of alternative reporter systems forces the science
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| - | community to use these systems. Our project can perhaps obscure this situation.</span></p>
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| - | <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
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| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'> </span></p>
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| - | <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
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| - | "Calibri","sans-serif"; '> White rot fungus degrade several
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| - | large molecules such as cellulose, hemicellulose </span><img width=352
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| - | height=251 src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014hs/4/48/%C4%B0image001.jpg" align=left hspace=12><span
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| - | style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
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| - | '>and lignin to use as a source of nutrition and continue their
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| - | existence.</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
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| - | "Calibri","sans-serif"'> <span style=' '>The breakdown of
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| - | lignin, an amorphous substance and a polimer, through lignin peroxidase, an
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| - | enzyme of the oxireductase enzyme group, is crucial.</span> </span></p>
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| - | <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
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| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; '> </span></p>
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| - | <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
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| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; '> </span></p>
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| - | <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
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| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; '> </span></p>
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| - | <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
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| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; '> </span></p>
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| - | <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
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| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; '> </span></p>
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| - | <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
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| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; '> </span></p>
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| - | <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
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| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; '> </span></p>
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| - | <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
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| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; '> </span></p>
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| - | <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
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| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; '> </span></p>
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| - |
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| - | <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
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| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; '> </span></p>
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| - |
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| - | <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
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| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; '> </span></p>
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| - |
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| - | <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
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| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; '> </span></p>
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| - |
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| - | <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
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| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; '>In the
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| - | examination of the simbiotic relationship of white rot fungus and ligneous
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| - | trees, scientist uncovered the mycoremediational breakdown that takes place in
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| - | fungi through laccase enzymes. After recognizing the possibilities that arose
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| - | due to this discovery, scientists utilized the mentioned function of fungi on
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| - | the remediation of dyes. If enzymes could be used to breakdown dyes, than it
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| - | would be possible to form a biological reporter system that would be built
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| - | around the breakdown of dyes instead of synthesizing it, which would in turn
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| - | speed up the process, make it easier to observe changes and give the ability to
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| - | mediate the integration of the method to bioremediation systems. With this
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| - | design, we will have formed a reporter system from scratch based on the
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| - | breakdown of dyes instead of their synthesis.</span></p>
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| - | <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;
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| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'> </span></p>
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| - | <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;
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| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>PRESENT REPORTER SYSTEMS</span></p>
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| - |
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| - | <p class=MsoNormal><img width=349 height=254 src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014hs/8/86/%C4%B0image002.png"
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| - | align=left hspace=12><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
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| - | "Calibri","sans-serif";color:#252525; '>Commonly used reporter
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| - | genes that induce visually identifiable characteristics usually involve
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| - | fluorescent and luminescent proteins. Examples include the gene that encodes
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| - | jellyfish </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
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| - | "Calibri","sans-serif"'><a
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| - | href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_fluorescent_protein"><span
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| - | style='color:#0B0080; '>green fluorescent protein</span></a></span><span
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| - | style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
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| - | color:#252525; '> (GFP), which causes </span><span
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| - | style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><a
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| - | href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)"><span style='color:#0B0080;
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| - | '>cells</span></a></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
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| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#252525; '> that express it to glow green under blue light, the enzyme </span><span
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| - | style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><a
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| - | href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciferase"><span style='color:#0B0080;
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| - | '>luciferase</span></a></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
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| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#252525; '>, which catalyzes a reaction with </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
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| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><a
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| - | href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciferin"><span style='color:#0B0080;
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| - | '>luciferin</span></a></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
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| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#252525; '> to produce light, and the red fluorescent protein from the gene dsRed.
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| - | The </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><a
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| - | href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUS_reporter_system"><span style='color:
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| - | #0B0080; '>GUS</span></a></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
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| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#252525; '> gene has been commonly used in plants but luciferase and </span><span
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| - | style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><a
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| - | href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_fluorescent_protein"><span
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| - | style='color:#0B0080; '>GFP</span></a></span><span
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| - | style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
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| - | color:#252525; '> are becoming more common</span><span
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| - | style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
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| - | color:#252525'>. <a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span
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| - | class=MsoEndnoteReference><span class=MsoEndnoteReference><span
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| - | style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
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| - | color:#252525'>[i]</span></span></span></a></span></p>
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| - |
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| - | <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:152%'><span
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| - | style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:152%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
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| - | color:#252525; '>A common reporter in bacteria is the </span><span
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| - | style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:152%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><a
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| - | href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli"><span style='color:#0B0080;
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| - | '>E. coli</span></a></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
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| - | line-height:152%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#252525; '> </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:152%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><a
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| - | href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_operon"><span style='color:#0B0080;
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| - | '>lacZ</span></a></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
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| - | line-height:152%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#252525; '> gene, which encodes the protein </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
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| - | line-height:152%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><a
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| - | href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-galactosidase"><span style='color:#0B0080;
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| - | '>beta-galactosidase</span></a></span><span style='font-size:
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| - | 12.0pt;line-height:152%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#252525;
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| - | '>. This enzyme causes bacteria expressing the gene to appear
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| - | blue when grown on a medium that contains the substrate analog </span><span
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| - | style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:152%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><a
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| - | href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-gal"><span style='color:#0B0080;
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| - | '>X-gal</span></a></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
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| - | line-height:152%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#252525; '>. An example of a selectable-marker which is also a reporter in bacteria
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| - | is the </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:152%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><a
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| - | href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloramphenicol_acetyltransferase"><span
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| - | style='color:#0B0080; '>chloramphenicol acetyltransferase</span></a></span><span
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| - | style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:152%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
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| - | color:#252525; '> (CAT) gene, which confers resistance to the
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| - | antibiotic </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:152%;font-family:
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| - | "Calibri","sans-serif"'><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloramphenicol"><span
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| - | style='color:#0B0080; '>chloramphenicol</span></a></span><span
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| - | style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:152%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
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| - | color:#252525; '>.</span></p>
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| - |
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| - | <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;
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| - | margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;line-height:152%'><span style='font-size:
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| - | 12.0pt;line-height:152%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#252525;
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| - | '>Most of the reporter systems are based on the use of visual
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| - | data. To understand if whether the necessary conditions were met, change in visual
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| - | context must occur. In the appropriate conditions, these report systems give
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| - | response through the synthesis of specific color material that was not present
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| - | in the environment.</span></p>
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| - |
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| - | <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;
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| - | margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;line-height:152%'><span style='font-size:
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| - | 12.0pt;line-height:152%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#252525'> </span></p>
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| - |
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| - | <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;
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| - | margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;line-height:152%'><span style='font-size:
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| - | 12.0pt;line-height:152%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'> </span></p>
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| - |
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| - | <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
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| - | "Calibri","sans-serif";color:#252525; '>A prominent reporter
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| - | system that is the green fluorescent protein, a protein that does not carry a </span><img
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| - | width=246 height=226 src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014hs/4/4e/%C4%B0image003.jpg" align=left hspace=12><span
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| - | style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
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| - | color:#252525; '>complex and long sequence structure that is
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| - | responsible for its prominence, is a </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
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| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><a
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| - | href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"><span style='color:#0B0080;
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| - | '>protein</span></a></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
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| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#252525; '> composed of 238 </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;
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| - | font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><a
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| - | href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid"><span style='color:#0B0080;
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| - | '>amino acid</span></a></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
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| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#252525; '> residues (26.9 </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;
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| - | font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><a
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| - | href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_mass_unit"><span style='color:#0B0080;
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| - | '>kDa</span></a></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
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| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#252525; '>) that exhibits bright green </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
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| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><a
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| - | href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence"><span style='color:#0B0080;
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| - | '>fluorescence</span></a></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
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| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#252525; '> when exposed to light in the blue to </span><span style='font-size:
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| - | 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><a
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| - | href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet"><span style='color:#0B0080;
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| - | '>ultraviolet</span></a></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
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| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#252525; '> range.<a href="#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""><span
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| - | class=MsoEndnoteReference><span class=MsoEndnoteReference><span
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| - | style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
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| - | color:#252525; '>[ii]</span></span></span></a> <a href="#_edn3"
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| - | name="_ednref3" title=""><span class=MsoEndnoteReference><span
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| - | class=MsoEndnoteReference><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;
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| - | font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#252525; '>[iii]</span></span></span></a>
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| - | In </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><a
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| - | href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_biology"><span style='color:#0B0080;
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| - | '>cell</span></a></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
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| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#252525; '> and </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
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| - | "Calibri","sans-serif"'><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology"><span
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| - | style='color:#0B0080; '>molecular biology</span></a></span><span
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| - | style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
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| - | color:#252525; '>, the GFP </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
| |
| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><a
| |
| - | href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"><span style='color:#0B0080; '>gene</span></a></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;
| |
| - | font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#252525; '> is
| |
| - | frequently used as a </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;
| |
| - | font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><a
| |
| - | href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporter_gene"><span style='color:#0B0080;
| |
| - | '>reporter of expression</span></a></span><span
| |
| - | style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
| |
| - | color:#252525; '>. <a href="#_edn4" name="_ednref4" title=""><span
| |
| - | class=MsoEndnoteReference><span class=MsoEndnoteReference><span
| |
| - | style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
| |
| - | color:#252525; '>[iv]</span></span></span></a> In modified forms
| |
| - | it has been used to make </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;
| |
| - | font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><a
| |
| - | href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosensor"><span style='color:#0B0080;
| |
| - | '>biosensors</span></a></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
| |
| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#252525; '>, and many animals have been created that express GFP as a
| |
| - | proof-of-concept that a gene can be expressed throughout a given organism. The
| |
| - | GFP gene can be introduced into organisms and maintained in their genome
| |
| - | through breeding, injection with a </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
| |
| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><a
| |
| - | href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_vector"><span style='color:#0B0080;
| |
| - | '>viral vector</span></a></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
| |
| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#252525; '>, or cell transformation. To date, the GFP gene has been introduced and
| |
| - | expressed in many </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;
| |
| - | font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><a
| |
| - | href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"><span style='color:#0B0080;
| |
| - | '>Bacteria</span></a></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
| |
| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#252525; '>,</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><a
| |
| - | href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast"><span style='color:#0B0080;
| |
| - | '>Yeast</span></a></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
| |
| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#252525; '> and other </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;
| |
| - | font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi"><span
| |
| - | style='color:#0B0080; '>Fungi</span></a></span><span
| |
| - | style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
| |
| - | color:#252525; '>, fish (such as </span><span style='font-size:
| |
| - | 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><a
| |
| - | href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebrafish"><span style='color:#0B0080;
| |
| - | '>zebrafish</span></a></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
| |
| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#252525; '>), plant, fly, and mammalian cells, including human. </span><span
| |
| - | style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><a
| |
| - | href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Chalfie"><span style='color:#0B0080;
| |
| - | '>Martin Chalfie</span></a></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
| |
| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#252525; '>, </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
| |
| - | "Calibri","sans-serif"'><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osamu_Shimomura"><span
| |
| - | style='color:#0B0080; '>Osamu Shimomura</span></a></span><span
| |
| - | style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
| |
| - | color:#252525; '>, and </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
| |
| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><a
| |
| - | href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Y._Tsien"><span style='color:#0B0080;
| |
| - | '>Roger Y. Tsien</span></a></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
| |
| - | line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#252525; '> were awarded the 2008 </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
| |
| - | 115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><a
| |
| - | href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry"><span
| |
| - | style='color:#0B0080; '>Nobel Prize in Chemistry</span></a></span><span
| |
| - | style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
| |
| - | color:#252525; '> on 10 October 2008 for their discovery and
| |
| - | development of the green fluorescent protein.</span><span style='font-size:
| |
| - | 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#252525'> </span></p>
| |
| - |
| |
| - | <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;
| |
| - | margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;line-height:152%'><span style='font-size:
| |
| - | 12.0pt;line-height:152%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#252525;
| |
| - | '>The GFP reporter systems which started a new era in
| |
| - | biological reporter systems with the works of </span><span style='font-size:
| |
| - | 12.0pt;line-height:152%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><a
| |
| - | href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Chalfie"><span style='color:#0B0080;
| |
| - | '>Martin Chalfie</span></a></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
| |
| - | line-height:152%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#252525; '>, </span><u><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:152%;font-family:
| |
| - | "Calibri","sans-serif";color:#0B0080; '>Osamu Shimomura</span></u><span
| |
| - | style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:152%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
| |
| - | color:#252525; '>, and </span><u><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
| |
| - | line-height:152%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#0B0080; '>Roger Y. Tsien</span></u><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:152%;
| |
| - | font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; '> are still widely used
| |
| - | today. GFP reporter systems which can be used in many processes ranging from
| |
| - | the confirmation of the synthesis of a sequence to the validation of the
| |
| - | binding of a protein to the cell membrane of a cell, still command great
| |
| - | importance as a reporter system, however these reporter systems also carry
| |
| - | several disadvantages. The most crucial of these disadvantages is the problem
| |
| - | of time restriction. To overcome this hurdle in front of scientific research
| |
| - | exponentially increases the development in scince. Reducing the time allocated
| |
| - | for experiments and increasing their efficiency are the most important matters
| |
| - | in science research. Currently, the issue of time has become more prominent.
| |
| - | The incubation process following cloning protocols can take up to 16 hours,
| |
| - | significantly increasing the time required to carry out projects hence
| |
| - | restricting the conduction of many of these projects. If an example was to be
| |
| - | given to the current problem, the time restriction prevents the use of
| |
| - | synthetic biology for the development of toxic gas sensors as the sensors would
| |
| - | need to give immidiate response. It is not possible to state that this problem
| |
| - | has been solved as alternative methods either require highly expensive
| |
| - | chemicals to operate or have too complex systems preventing implementation</span></p>
| |
| - |
| |
| - | <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;
| |
| - | margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;line-height:152%'><span style='font-size:
| |
| - | 12.0pt;line-height:152%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'> </span></p>
| |
| - |
| |
| - | <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;
| |
| - | margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;line-height:152%'><span style='font-size:
| |
| - | 16.0pt;line-height:152%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; '>OUR
| |
| - | MODULE</span></p>
| |
| - |
| |
| - | <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;
| |
| - | margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:200%'><span
| |
| - | style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
| |
| - | '>Reporter systems carry great significance in the world of
| |
| - | biology. As previously mentioned, the problems that currently exist in the
| |
| - | development of reporter systems slow down the development of Biology,
| |
| - | specifically synthetic biology and genetics.</span></p>
| |
| - |
| |
| - | <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;
| |
| - | margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:200%'><span
| |
| - | style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
| |
| - | color:#222222; '>We aimed to overcome the issue of time with our
| |
| - | system. </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
| |
| - | '>We had to abandon certain project ideas due to the
| |
| - | insufficiency of the available time that inspired us to find a possible way of
| |
| - | overcoming this issue which would open doors to many scientists interested in this
| |
| - | area.</span></p>
| |
| - |
| |
| - | <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;
| |
| - | margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:200%'><span
| |
| - | style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
| |
| - | '>Our focus was on the GFP reporter system as it had been used
| |
| - | numerous times by scientists worldwide and therefore carried great attention in
| |
| - | reporter systems. If the issue of time was to be tackled, it had to address the
| |
| - | issue in the GFP reporter system. The report system had to respond in a shorter
| |
| - | period of time if progress was to be accelerated. It was not crucial to see a
| |
| - | 100% complete result, </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;
| |
| - | font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#222222; '>even the
| |
| - | glimpse of a change would have been enough for our system.</span><span
| |
| - | style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
| |
| - | '>. After observing the currently present GFP reporter systems,
| |
| - | it came to our notice that the bacteria try to produce an inexisting substance
| |
| - | from scratch, step by step and the presence of the substance can only be
| |
| - | recognized after the substance has reached a certain concentration. If the process
| |
| - | was to be reversed, however, it would take a significantly reduced amount of
| |
| - | time. After reaching this state of recognition, we decided that the breakdown
| |
| - | of the color instead of its production would be a lot more agile. Allthe enzyme
| |
| - | produced would be capable of breaking down color in a short time interval. The
| |
| - | exponentially increasing levels of enzyme presence would increase the enzyme
| |
| - | activity, hence reducing the time of the process even more.</span></p>
| |
| - |
| |
| - | <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;
| |
| - | margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:200%'><span
| |
| - | style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
| |
| - | color:#222222; '>There is another advantage to this new system,
| |
| - | while the necessity of the colored substance reaching a certain density was a
| |
| - | disadvantage in the previous system, in the new system even the change in the
| |
| - | hue of the color would prove that our system was functioning and the density
| |
| - | issue would then become an advantage. </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
| |
| - | line-height:200%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; '>The only
| |
| - | external addition to the system required is the addition of a specific dye. The
| |
| - | system therefore bears the potential to eliminate 16-hour long waiting times
| |
| - | and makes life easier for scientists.</span></p>
| |
| - |
| |
| - | <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;
| |
| - | margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:200%'><span
| |
| - | style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
| |
| - | color:#222222; '>If our goal within this project was
| |
| - | accomplished it would be a revolution for biological reactions. Who wouldn't
| |
| - | want to decrease the required time by 75%?</span></p>
| |
| - |
| |
| - | <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;
| |
| - | margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:200%'><span
| |
| - | style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
| |
| - | color:#222222; '>Our project has the potential to be adapted for
| |
| - | other areas of science because of its relation with color. When we think of the
| |
| - | importance of bioremediation processes, to decrease the harm of chemical waste
| |
| - | to the ecology of the Earth, these alternative systems are important. It won't
| |
| - | be hard to integrate this system.</span></p>
| |
| - |
| |
| - | <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;
| |
| - | margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:200%'><span
| |
| - | style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
| |
| - | color:#222222; '>If we are able to optimize and develop the
| |
| - | steps of our project professionally, we will be able to open a new door within
| |
| - | the science of biology.</span></p>
| |
| - |
| |
| - | </div>
| |
| - |
| |
| - | <div><br clear=all>
| |
| - |
| |
| - | <hr align=left size=1 width="33%">
| |
| - |
| |
| - | <div id=edn1>
| |
| - |
| |
| - | <p class=MsoEndnoteText><a href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span
| |
| - | class=MsoEndnoteReference><span class=MsoEndnoteReference><span
| |
| - | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
| |
| - | color:black'>[i]</span></span></span></a> <span style='font-size:8.0pt;
| |
| - | color:#252525; '>Koo, J.; Kim, Y.; Kim, J.; Yeom, M.; Lee, I.
| |
| - | C.; Nam, H. G. (2007). "A GUS/Luciferase Fusion Reporter for Plant Gene
| |
| - | Trapping and for Assay of Promoter Activity with Luciferin-Dependent Control of
| |
| - | the Reporter Protein Stability". <i>Plant and Cell Physiology</i> <b>48</b>
| |
| - | (8): 1121–1131. </span><a
| |
| - | href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span
| |
| - | style='font-size:8.0pt;color:#0B0080; '>doi</span></a><span
| |
| - | style='font-size:8.0pt;color:#252525; '>:</span><a
| |
| - | href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fpcp%2Fpcm081"><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
| |
| - | color:#663366'>10.1093/pcp/pcm081</span></a><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
| |
| - | color:#252525; '>. </span><a
| |
| - | href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style='font-size:
| |
| - | 8.0pt;color:#0B0080; '>PMID</span></a><span style='font-size:
| |
| - | 8.0pt;color:#252525; '> </span><a
| |
| - | href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17597079"><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
| |
| - | color:#663366'>17597079</span></a></p>
| |
| - |
| |
| - | </div>
| |
| - |
| |
| - | <div id=edn2>
| |
| - |
| |
| - | <p class=MsoEndnoteText><a href="#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span
| |
| - | class=MsoEndnoteReference><span class=MsoEndnoteReference><span
| |
| - | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
| |
| - | color:black'>[ii]</span></span></span></a> <span style='font-size:8.0pt;
| |
| - | color:#252525;background:#DDEEFF'>Prendergast F, Mann K (1978). "Chemical
| |
| - | and physical properties of aequorin and the green fluorescent protein isolated
| |
| - | from Aequorea forskålea". <i>Biochemistry</i> <b>17</b> (17): 3448–53. </span><a
| |
| - | href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span
| |
| - | style='font-size:8.0pt;color:#0B0080;background:#DDEEFF'>doi</span></a><span
| |
| - | style='font-size:8.0pt;color:#252525;background:#DDEEFF'>:</span><a
| |
| - | href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi00610a004"><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
| |
| - | color:#663366'>10.1021/bi00610a004</span></a><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
| |
| - | color:#252525;background:#DDEEFF'>. </span><a
| |
| - | href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style='font-size:
| |
| - | 8.0pt;color:#0B0080;background:#DDEEFF'>PMID</span></a><span style='font-size:
| |
| - | 8.0pt;color:#252525;background:#DDEEFF'> </span><a
| |
| - | href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28749"><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
| |
| - | color:#663366'>28749</span></a></p>
| |
| - |
| |
| - | </div>
| |
| - |
| |
| - | <div id=edn3>
| |
| - |
| |
| - | <p class=MsoEndnoteText><a href="#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""><span
| |
| - | class=MsoEndnoteReference><span class=MsoEndnoteReference><span
| |
| - | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
| |
| - | color:black'>[iii]</span></span></span></a> <span style='color:#252525;
| |
| - | '>Tsien R (1998). </span><a
| |
| - | href="http://tsienlab.ucsd.edu/Publications/Tsien%201998%20Annu.%20Rev.%20Biochem%20-%20GFP.pdf"><span
| |
| - | style='color:#663366; '>"The green fluorescent
| |
| - | protein"</span></a><span style='color:#252525; '> (PDF). <i>Annu
| |
| - | Rev Biochem</i><b>67</b>: 509–44. </span><a
| |
| - | href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span
| |
| - | style='color:#0B0080; '>doi</span></a><span style='color:#252525;
| |
| - | '>:</span><a
| |
| - | href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.67.1.509"><span
| |
| - | style='color:#663366'>10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.509</span></a><span
| |
| - | style='color:#252525; '>. </span><a
| |
| - | href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style='color:#0B0080;
| |
| - | '>PMID</span></a><span style='color:#252525; '> </span><a
| |
| - | href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9759496"><span style='color:#663366'>9759496</span></a></p>
| |
| - |
| |
| - | </div>
| |
| - |
| |
| - | <div id=edn4>
| |
| - |
| |
| - | <p class=MsoEndnoteText><a href="#_ednref4" name="_edn4" title=""><span
| |
| - | class=MsoEndnoteReference><span class=MsoEndnoteReference><span
| |
| - | style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
| |
| - | color:black'>[iv]</span></span></span></a> <span style='color:#252525;
| |
| - | '>Phillips G (2001). "Green fluorescent protein--a bright
| |
| - | idea for the study of bacterial protein localization". <i>FEMS Microbiol
| |
| - | Lett</i> <b>204</b> (1): 9–18. </span><a
| |
| - | href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><span
| |
| - | style='color:#0B0080; '>doi</span></a><span style='color:#252525;
| |
| - | '>:</span><a
| |
| - | href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0378-1097%2801%2900358-5"><span
| |
| - | style='color:#663366'>10.1016/S0378-1097(01)00358-5</span></a><span
| |
| - | style='color:#252525; '>. </span><a
| |
| - | href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><span style='color:#0B0080;
| |
| - | '>PMID</span></a><span style='color:#252525; '> </span><a
| |
| - | href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11682170"><span style='color:#663366'>11682170</span></a></p>
| |
| - |
| |
| - | </div>
| |
| - |
| |
| - | </div>
| |
| - |
| |
| - | </body>
| |
| - | </head>
| |
| - | </html>
| |
"
