|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| - | <!DOCTYPE html>
| |
| - | <html>
| |
| - | <head>
| |
| - | <meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="content-type">
| |
| - | <title>GenetiX - The Project</title>
| |
| - | <link href="http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Source+Sans+Pro:300,300italic,600%7CSource+Code+Pro"
| |
| | | | |
| - | rel="stylesheet">
| |
| - | <!--[if lte IE 8]><script src="html5shiv.js" type="text/javascript"></script><![endif]-->
| |
| - | <script src="http://code.jquery.com/jquery-1.10.1.min.js"></script>
| |
| - | <script src="js/jquery.dropotron.min.js"></script>
| |
| - | <script src="skel.min.js">
| |
| - | {
| |
| - | prefix: 'css/style',
| |
| - | preloadStyleSheets: true,
| |
| - | resetCSS: true,
| |
| - | boxModel: 'border',
| |
| - | grid: { gutters: 30 },
| |
| - | breakpoints: {
| |
| - | wide: { range: '1200-', containers: 1140, grid: { gutters: 50 } },
| |
| - | narrow: { range: '481-1199', containers: 960 },
| |
| - | mobile: { range: '-480', containers: 'fluid', lockViewport: true, grid: { collapse: true } }
| |
| - | }
| |
| - | }
| |
| - | </script>
| |
| - | <script>
| |
| - | $(function() {
| |
| - |
| |
| - | // Note: make sure you call dropotron on the top level <ul>
| |
| - | $('#main-nav > ul').dropotron({
| |
| - | offsetY: -10 // Nudge up submenus by 10px to account for padding
| |
| - | });
| |
| - |
| |
| - | });
| |
| - | </script>
| |
| - | <script>
| |
| - | // DOM ready
| |
| - | $(function() {
| |
| - |
| |
| - | // Create the dropdown base
| |
| - | $("<select />").appendTo("nav");
| |
| - |
| |
| - | // Create default option "Go to..."
| |
| - | $("<option />", {
| |
| - | "selected": "selected",
| |
| - | "value" : "",
| |
| - | "text" : "Menu"
| |
| - | }).appendTo("nav select");
| |
| - |
| |
| - | // Populate dropdown with menu items
| |
| - | $("nav a").each(function() {
| |
| - | var el = $(this);
| |
| - | $("<option />", {
| |
| - | "value" : el.attr("href"),
| |
| - | "text" : el.text()
| |
| - | }).appendTo("nav select");
| |
| - | });
| |
| - |
| |
| - | // To make dropdown actually work
| |
| - | // To make more unobtrusive: http://css-tricks.com/4064-unobtrusive-page-changer/
| |
| - | $("nav select").change(function() {
| |
| - | window.location = $(this).find("option:selected").val();
| |
| - | });
| |
| - |
| |
| - | });
| |
| - | </script>
| |
| - | </head>
| |
| - | <body>
| |
| - | <div id="header_container">
| |
| - | <div class="container"> <!-- Header -->
| |
| - | <div id="header" class="row">
| |
| - | <div class="4u">
| |
| - | <h1><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014hs/c/c9/Logo.png" alt="" usemap="#Map" height="101" width="301">
| |
| - | <map name="Map">
| |
| - | <area shape="rect" coords="-1,19,68,81" href="https://2014hs.igem.org/Main_Page"
| |
| - |
| |
| - | target="_blank" alt="logo">
| |
| - | <area shape="rect" coords="68,3,300,103" href="index.html">
| |
| - | </map>
| |
| - | </h1>
| |
| - | </div>
| |
| - | <nav id="main-nav" class="8u">
| |
| - | <ul>
| |
| - | <li><a href="index.html">Home</a></li>
| |
| - | <li><a class="active" href="project.html">The Project</a>
| |
| - | <ul>
| |
| - | <li><a href="project_biosensor.html">Biosensor</a></li>
| |
| - | <li><a href="project_eutrophication.html">Eutrophication</a></li>
| |
| - | <li><a href="project_localization.html">Localization</a></li>
| |
| - | </ul>
| |
| - | </li>
| |
| - | <li><a href="results.html">Results</a> </li>
| |
| - | <li><a href="#">Human Practices</a>
| |
| - | <ul>
| |
| - | <li><a href="human_practices_travesuras2014.html">Travesuras
| |
| - | 2014</a></li>
| |
| - | <li><a href="human_practices_travesuras2013.html">Travesuras
| |
| - | 2013</a></li>
| |
| - | <li><a href="human_practices_conference.html">Conference</a></li>
| |
| - | </ul>
| |
| - | </li>
| |
| - | <li> <a href="#">Data</a>
| |
| - | <ul>
| |
| - | <li><a href="data_safety.html">Safety</a></li>
| |
| - | <li><a href="data_notebook.html">Notebook</a></li>
| |
| - | <li> <a href="data_biobricks.html">Biobricks</a></li>
| |
| - | </ul>
| |
| - | </li>
| |
| - | <li><a href="#">The Team</a>
| |
| - | <ul>
| |
| - | <li><a href="team_members.html">Members</a></li>
| |
| - | <li><a href="team_sponsors.html">Sponsors</a> </li>
| |
| - | </ul>
| |
| - | </li>
| |
| - | </ul>
| |
| - | </nav>
| |
| - | </div>
| |
| - | </div>
| |
| - | </div>
| |
| - | <div id="site_content">
| |
| - | <div class="container">
| |
| - | <!-- Banner -->
| |
| - | <div id="banner"> <a href="#"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014hs/b/b4/Eutrophication.jpg" alt="banner image"></a>
| |
| - | </div>
| |
| - | <!-- Features -->
| |
| - | <div class="row">
| |
| - | <section class="8u">
| |
| - | <h1 align="center">Eutrophication</h1>
| |
| - | <p>Eutrophication is the process by which the increased availability
| |
| - | of one or more limiting growth factors needed for photosynthesis
| |
| - | cause excessive plant and algal growth. Some of these factors are
| |
| - | the amount of carbon dioxide, sunlight and nutrient fertilizers.
| |
| - | The elements coming from the nutrient fertilizers that especially
| |
| - | affect the photosynthesis rate are nitrogen and phosphorus.
| |
| - | (Chislock , 2013)<br>
| |
| - | Plants require many different nutrients or components for the
| |
| - | realization of photosynthesis. Nitrogen and phosphorus are the
| |
| - | first components depleted in the water even though there is a
| |
| - | greater amount of other needed substances. While performing
| |
| - | photosynthesis about 8 times more nitrogen is needed than
| |
| - | phosphorus. Thus, phosphorus limits eutrophication if nitrogen is
| |
| - | more than 8 times abundant as phosphorus, while nitrogen is the
| |
| - | limiting factor when its concentration is less than 8 times
| |
| - | abundant as phosphorus. Erosion of surrounding areas is also an
| |
| - | important cause of eutrophication because the nutrients of the
| |
| - | ground are not retained by the roots of plants and trees that
| |
| - | should be there. So deforestation is an environmental element that
| |
| - | strongly affects this process. (UNEP, 1)<br>
| |
| - | The process of eutrophication of an aquifer occurs naturally over
| |
| - | centuries as they are filled with sediments, abundant in nutrients
| |
| - | (figure 1). However, this process has been recently much
| |
| - | accelerated due to the contamination produced by human activities.
| |
| - | The discharges into aquatic systems bring a lot of limiting
| |
| - | nutrients for eutrophication, including nitrogen and phosphorus.
| |
| - | These polluting human residues thrown up into water systems come
| |
| - | from point and non-point pollution sources. (Chislock, 2013)</p>
| |
| - | <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014hs/d/df/Project_eutrophication_clip_image001.jpg" alt=""
| |
| - |
| |
| - | height="161" width="314"></p>
| |
| - | <p>Figure 1. Natural eutrophication</p>
| |
| - | <p> The term “point source” is referred to
| |
| - | as any single, discernible source from where the polluting agent
| |
| - | is originated, such as a discharge pipe from a factory, sewage
| |
| - | plant. The other term “non-point source” means that the pollution
| |
| - | does not come from a single determinate source. This type of
| |
| - | pollution happens when water moves across the land and pick in its
| |
| - | way human-made pollutants that can be deposited later on in water
| |
| - | bodies. (Harvey, 1) <br>
| |
| - | There are different levels of eutrophication according to how
| |
| - | severe or advanced the process is. The first and harmless
| |
| - | classification of eutrophication is the oligotrophic, where there
| |
| - | is a low concentration of nutrients in the water and thus less
| |
| - | biologic production. Then we have the mesotrophic where there are
| |
| - | intermediate levels of nutrient concentrations and there is a
| |
| - | moderate biologic production that doesn´t affect severely the
| |
| - | aquatic environment. The real problem begins when we get to the
| |
| - | eutrophic level where there is an elevated concentration of
| |
| - | nutrients and a very high biologic productivity. Another
| |
| - | classification is reserved for where the nutrient levels reach
| |
| - | extremely dangerous concentrations that take the aquifer´s
| |
| - | condition to a critical state; it is called hypertrophic and is
| |
| - | almost always caused by the cultural eutrophication. An important
| |
| - | indicator for the eutrophication level is chlorophyll. The total
| |
| - | amount of chlorophyll represents about 1% of plant biomass, so in
| |
| - | this way the total biomass can be estimated allowing the
| |
| - | determination of the degree of eutrophication. (Mazzeo, 1)</p>
| |
| - | <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014hs/0/03/Project_eutrophication_clip_image002.jpg" alt=""
| |
| - |
| |
| - | height="164" width="568"></p>
| |
| - | <p>Table expressing the characteristic values for each of the
| |
| - | eutrophication classifications. (UNEP)<br>
| |
| - | Eutrophication brings a lot of complications to aquifers. The
| |
| - | enormous creation of dense blooms of noxious, foul-smelling
| |
| - | phytoplankton reduces water clarity and harms water clarity. These
| |
| - | blooms limit light penetration to the water body. This limiting of
| |
| - | sunlight to littoral zones causes the die-offs of the great amount
| |
| - | of plants and algae that grew up without control due to
| |
| - | eutrophication. When these dense algal blooms eventually die,
| |
| - | microorganisms start the decomposition of organic matter and
| |
| - | severely deplete the available dissolved oxygen, causing hypoxia
| |
| - | or even anoxia. These hypoxic environments are cause of dead zones
| |
| - | for most of the inhabiting organisms for the lacking oxygen.
| |
| - | (Chislock 2013)<br>
| |
| - | The normal levels of dissolved oxygen in water for the maintenance
| |
| - | of life are around 6mg/L. Environments are considered hypoxic when
| |
| - | the concentration of dissolved oxygen goes below 2.8 mg/L. When
| |
| - | the dissolved oxygen levels reach the hypoxic condition many
| |
| - | species die. Depending on the size and other characteristics of
| |
| - | the organisms, the limiting concentration for survival will have
| |
| - | low variations. The hypoxic conditions can change in different
| |
| - | lapses of time. They can occur just for a few moments
| |
| - | (minutes/hours) or they can reach chronic states that last for
| |
| - | weeks or even months, causing depletion of local species.
| |
| - | (Cisterna 2008)<br>
| |
| - | It is important to supervise aquatic environments conditions´ to
| |
| - | prevent the initiation of eutrophic conditions. Eutrophication can
| |
| - | kill all life in natural environments. If some symptoms of
| |
| - | eutrophication are detected in time it is possible to attack the
| |
| - | problem and control it, or even eliminate it. Some methods for
| |
| - | controlling eutrophication are:</p>
| |
| - | <ul>
| |
| - | <li>Covering sediments, preventing release of nutrients.</li>
| |
| - | <li>Biomanipulation</li>
| |
| - | <li>Using chemicals such as copper sulfate to kill excess of algae</li>
| |
| - | <li>Aerating the hypolimnion of a lake, reducing the release of
| |
| - | nutrients from the sediments.</li>
| |
| - | </ul>
| |
| - | <p>(UNEP)<br>
| |
| - | </p>
| |
| - | </section>
| |
| - | <section class="4u">
| |
| - | <div id="sidebar">
| |
| - | <section class="12u">
| |
| - | <h3>References</h3>
| |
| - | <p>Chislock, M. F., Doster, E., Zitomer, R. A., & Wilson, A.
| |
| - | E. (n.d.). Eutrophication: Causes, Consequences, and Controls
| |
| - | in Aquatic Ecosystems. <em>Nature.com</em>. Retrieved June
| |
| - | 11, 2014, from http://goo.gl/F65ExC</p>
| |
| - | <p><br>
| |
| - | Juarez-Figueroa, L. A., Silva-Sanchez, J., Uribe-Salas, F. J.,
| |
| - | & Cifuentes-Garcia, E. (2003). <em>Microbiological
| |
| - | indicators of water quality in the Xochimilco canals, Mexico
| |
| - | City</em>. Mexico City: Salud Publica Mex.</p>
| |
| - | <p><br>
| |
| - | Mazzeo, N., Clemente, J., Garcia-Rodriguez, F., Gorga, J.,
| |
| - | Kurk, C., Larrea, D., et al. (2002). <em>Eutrofizacion:
| |
| - | Causas, consecuencias y manejo</em>. Montevideo: Montevideo.<br>
| |
| - | Water Encyclopedia. (n.d.). <em>Pollution Sources: Point and
| |
| - | Nonpoint</em>. Retrieved June 11, 2014, from
| |
| - | http://goo.gl/ulQ5SV</p>
| |
| - | <p><br>
| |
| - | Where Nutrients Come From And How they Cause Eutrophication.
| |
| - | (n.d.). <em>Where Nutrients Come From And How they Cause
| |
| - | Eutrophication</em>. Retrieved June 11, 2014, from
| |
| - | http://goo.gl/Pt1Gf4</p>
| |
| - | </section>
| |
| - | <section class="12u"> </section>
| |
| - | </div>
| |
| - | </section>
| |
| - | </div>
| |
| - | </div>
| |
| - | </div>
| |
| - | <div id="footer_container">
| |
| - | <div class="container">
| |
| - | <!-- Footer -->
| |
| - | <footer>
| |
| - | <p><a href="https://twitter.com/GenetiXCCM" target="_blank"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014hs/f/f7/Twitter.png"
| |
| - |
| |
| - | alt="twitter"></a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/Genetix/231542983696246"
| |
| - |
| |
| - | target="_blank"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014hs/5/55/Facebook.png" alt="facebook"></a> <a
| |
| - |
| |
| - | href="mailto:genetixccm@gmail.com?Subject=Hi%20GenetiX" target="_top"><img
| |
| - |
| |
| - | src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014hs/0/09/Rss.png" alt="rss"></a></p>
| |
| - | <p><a href="http://www.itesm.mx/wps/wcm/connect/Campus/CCM/Ciudad+de+Mexico/"
| |
| - |
| |
| - | target="_blank"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014hs/3/3a/Itesm_ccm.png" alt="" height="64"
| |
| - |
| |
| - | width="176"></a><a href="http://www.hidrosina.com.mx/new/" target="_blank"><img
| |
| - |
| |
| - | src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014hs/5/5d/Hidrosina.png" alt="" height="32" width="110"></a></p>
| |
| - | <p>Copyright © GenetiX | <a href="http://skeljs.org/">skel.js</a> | <a
| |
| - |
| |
| - | href="http://www.css3templates.co.uk">design from
| |
| - | css3templates.co.uk</a></p>
| |
| - | </footer>
| |
| - | </div>
| |
| - | </div>
| |
| - | </body>
| |
| - | </html>
| |
"
