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<h1 align="center">Biosensors</h1><br />
<p>A biosensor is an instrument for the measurement of biological or<br />
chemical parameters. They usually combine biological and<br />
physical-chemical components.</p><br />
<p><br><br />
Generally, they consist of three parts:</p><br />
<ul><br />
<li>The biological sensor: It may be a tissue, a culture of<br />
microorganisms, enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acid chains, etc.<br />
The sensor can be taken from the wild or be a product of<br />
synthetic biology.</li><br />
<li>The transducer: Its function is to bind the other two elements<br />
and translate the signal emitted by the sensor.</li><br />
<li>The detector: It can be optical, piezoelectric, thermal,<br />
magnetic, etc.</li><br />
</ul><br />
<p>The most common example is a biosensor that measures blood<br />
glucose. It uses an enzyme that processes glucose molecules,<br />
releasing an electron for each molecule. Said electron is<br />
collected at one electrode and the electron flow is used as a<br />
measure of the glucose concentration.</p><br />
<p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014hs/8/81/Canary.jpg" alt="" height="382" width="500"><br><br />
The caged canaries used by miners to detect the presence of lethal<br />
gases can be seen as an early example of biosensors (Wikipedia,<br />
2014)</p><br />
<p><br><br />
By using modified bacteria E. coli for this, we will try to find a<br />
cheaper, easier, and faster way to detect the problem of anoxia<br />
and heavy metals in some aquifers of Mexico City. We will have to<br />
analyze samples of water at different depths to know where the<br />
problem is worse and what probable native species could be more<br />
affected.</p><br />
<p><br><br />
Some of the benefits of using biosensors instead of other sensing<br />
methods, as observed by Ajit Sadana and AzoSensors, are: </p><br />
<ul><br />
<li>A fast response in time.</li><br />
<li>Fast and continuous measurement.</li><br />
<li>High specificity because of its shape-specific recognition.</li><br />
<li>Simplicity in its use.</li><br />
<li>Capability of measuring concentrations ranging from 10<sup>-18</sup><br />
to 10<sup>-19</sup> M, so we need low sample requirements.</li><br />
<li>Capability of real time measurements.</li><br />
</ul><br />
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<h3>References</h3><br />
<p>Biosensor. (2014, June 18). <em>Wikipedia</em>. Retrieved<br />
June 19, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosensor</p><br />
<p><br><br />
Biosensor Technology: Advantages and Applications. (n.d.). <em>Biosensor<br />
Technology: Advantages and Applications</em>. Retrieved June<br />
19, 2014, from http://goo.gl/YRDNIZ</p><br />
<p><br><br />
Sadana, A. (2003). <em>Biosensors kinetics of binding and<br />
dissociation using fractals</em>. Amsterdam: Elsevier.</p><br />
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