Team:GenetiX Tec CCM

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Revision as of 01:47, 21 June 2014

Welcome to our wiki

We are high school students at Tecnológico de Monterrey, Mexico City Campus, a team with juniors and seniors working together. What made us a team was our passion for science, we all wanted to innovate, to create, to surprise and engine something useful. Our goal is to prove that if you plan on doing something, no matter what, you can achieve it with the right focus.

Biodetection of Anoxia in Lake Xochimilco

Lake Xochimilco in Mexico City faces a condition of extreme pollution which endangers the endemic species; many of which are nearing extinction. Oxygen levels depletion in the lake directly affect the fauna, making it less hospitable or even deadly. Our goal is to produce a biosensor that can easily and inexpensively detect anoxia in different regions of the lake. Using an oxygen promoter in addition with the biological markers RFP and GFP we could theoretically detect low dissolved oxygen levels in water samples. In addition, we intend to use a second construct with an Iron promoter to detect iron concentrations that also endanger the sustainability of living organisms in the lake. Once we identify critical regions of the Lake, our report could incentivize the Civil Council and authorities to propose concrete legal initiatives to reduce pollution in the identified areas and start remediation campaigns.

Contents

The Project

The main idea of our project is to achieve the detection of anoxia and Iron concentrations in water systems. What we propose is to construct an easy way of monitoring the levels of O2 and Fe in the lake by using biosensors. By using modified bacteria E. coli for this, we will try to find a cheaper, easier, and faster way to detect the problem of anoxia and iron concentration in some aquifers of Mexico City. We will have to analyze samples of water at different depths to know where the problem is worse and what probable native species could be more affected.

Our purpose is the identification of adequate dissolved oxygen levels for a stable support of life and the identification of iron concentration below threatening levels in order to know if the lake has the physical and chemical properties to support wild-life naturally. With the use of biosensors, specialized for detecting concentrations of oxygen above a 2% dissolution, we used modified E. coli with an oxygen promoter (BBa_K258005) that will detect the low concentrations and a reporter of (GFP or RFP) that will indicate the activation of our promoter (Figure 1). The Iron promoter reacts inside an environment with a concentration of iron ranging from 1 ppm and on (A. Quintero,2007). The acceptable levels of iron in drinkable water are lower than 0.5 ppm (WHO, 1996).

To achieve the objective using E. Coli we will construct different types of modified plasmids for our bacteria to express the biosensors based on iGem biobricks. The idea is to use sensitive promoters: one for oxygen, and another one for iron; those promoters will lead to an expression of GFP or mRFP. This will provide a visual signal to indicate the presence or absence of these elements. Biobrick parts BBa_K258005 (O₂ prom), BBa_I765000 (Fe prom), BBa_E1010 (GFP) and BBa_J04650 (mRFP) were selected for the construction of the biosensors (Figure 2). These were transformed into E. coli strands DH5-a, TOP 10, and NEB 10-b for storage and subsequent plasmid growth and isolation using a Zymo Research® DNA extraction kit.

Once we measure and identify critical regions of the Lake, our report could go directly to the Citizen Council for its consideration. The competent authorities should be able to propose concrete legal initiatives to reduce pollution in the identified areas and start remediation campaigns that re-establish the local aquatic environment to a stable, liveable, friendly ecosystem for the inhabitant species.

Biosensor

A biosensor is an instrument for the measurement of biological or chemical parameters. They usually combine biological and physical-chemical components.

Generally, they consist of three parts:

The most common example is a biosensor that measures blood glucose. It uses an enzyme that processes glucose molecules, releasing an electron for each molecule. Said electron is collected at one electrode and the electron flow is used as a measure of the glucose concentration.

The caged canaries used by miners to detect the presence of lethal gases can be seen as an early example of biosensors (Wikipedia, 2014)

By using modified bacteria E. coli for this, we will try to find a cheaper, easier, and faster way to detect the problem of anoxia and heavy metals in some aquifers of Mexico City. We will have to analyze samples of water at different depths to know where the problem is worse and what probable native species could be more affected.

Some of the benefits of using biosensors instead of other sensing methods, as observed by Ajit Sadana and AzoSensors, are:

Eutrophication

Eutrophication is the process by which the increased availability of one or more limiting growth factors needed for photosynthesis cause excessive plant and algal growth. Some of these factors are the amount of carbon dioxide, sunlight and nutrient fertilizers. The elements coming from the nutrient fertilizers that especially affect the photosynthesis rate are nitrogen and phosphorus. (Chislock , 2013)
Plants require many different nutrients or components for the realization of photosynthesis. Nitrogen and phosphorus are the first components depleted in the water even though there is a greater amount of other needed substances.  While performing photosynthesis about 8 times more nitrogen is needed than phosphorus. Thus, phosphorus limits eutrophication if nitrogen is more than 8 times abundant as phosphorus, while nitrogen is the limiting factor when its concentration is less than 8 times abundant as phosphorus. Erosion of surrounding areas is also an important cause of eutrophication because the nutrients of the ground are not retained by the roots of plants and trees that should be there. So deforestation is an environmental element that strongly affects this process.  (UNEP, 1)
The process of eutrophication of an aquifer occurs naturally over centuries as they are filled with sediments, abundant in nutrients (figure 1). However, this process has been recently much accelerated due to the contamination produced by human activities. The discharges into aquatic systems bring a lot of limiting nutrients for eutrophication, including nitrogen and phosphorus. These polluting human residues thrown up into water systems come from point and non-point pollution sources. (Chislock, 2013)

Figure 1. Natural eutrophication

     The term “point source” is referred to as any single, discernible source from where the polluting agent is originated, such as a discharge pipe from a factory, sewage plant. The other term “non-point source” means that the pollution does not come from a single determinate source. This type of pollution happens when water moves across the land and pick in its way human-made pollutants that can be deposited later on in water bodies. (Harvey, 1)    
There are different levels of eutrophication according to how severe or advanced the process is. The first and harmless classification of eutrophication is the oligotrophic, where there is a low concentration of nutrients in the water and thus less biologic production. Then we have the mesotrophic where there are intermediate levels of nutrient concentrations and there is a moderate biologic production that doesn´t affect severely the aquatic environment. The real problem begins when we get to the eutrophic level where there is an elevated concentration of nutrients and a very high biologic productivity.  Another classification is reserved for where the nutrient levels reach extremely dangerous concentrations that take the aquifer´s condition to a critical state; it is called hypertrophic and is almost always caused by the cultural eutrophication. An important indicator for the eutrophication level is chlorophyll. The total amount of chlorophyll represents about 1% of plant biomass, so in this way the total biomass can be estimated allowing the determination of the degree of eutrophication. (Mazzeo, 1)

Table expressing the characteristic values for each of the eutrophication classifications. (UNEP)
Eutrophication brings a lot of complications to aquifers. The enormous creation of dense blooms of noxious, foul-smelling phytoplankton reduces water clarity and harms water clarity. These blooms limit light penetration to the water body. This limiting of sunlight to littoral zones causes the die-offs of the great amount of plants and algae that grew up without control due to eutrophication. When these dense algal blooms eventually die, microorganisms start the decomposition of organic matter and severely deplete the available dissolved oxygen, causing hypoxia or even anoxia. These hypoxic environments are cause of dead zones for most of the inhabiting organisms for the lacking oxygen. (Chislock 2013)
The normal levels of dissolved oxygen in water for the maintenance of life are around 6mg/L. Environments are considered hypoxic when the concentration of dissolved oxygen goes below 2.8 mg/L. When the dissolved oxygen levels reach the hypoxic condition many species die. Depending on the size and other characteristics of the organisms, the limiting concentration for survival will have low variations. The hypoxic conditions can change in different lapses of time. They can occur just for a few moments (minutes/hours) or they can reach chronic states that last for weeks or even months, causing depletion of local species. (Cisterna 2008)
It is important to supervise aquatic environments conditions´ to prevent the initiation of eutrophic conditions. Eutrophication can kill all life in natural environments. If some symptoms of eutrophication are detected in time it is possible to attack the problem and control it, or even eliminate it. Some methods for controlling eutrophication are:

(UNEP)

Localization

First of all, we have to know what eutrophication is, well the  eutrophication is the process of excessive growth of algae and weeds water in the water, caused by phosphates and other pollutants discharged to waters. In a eutrophic aquatic ecosystem two things happen: more oxygen is required to break down and increases the population of organisms known as primary producers: organisms that make photosynthesis, as macroalgae and lilies. These can reach atrophy processes exchange of oxygen and water flow. The liquid is cloudy and the lack of oxygen can devastate populations of various organisms.

How does it affect the lake of Xochimilco?

Factors

The factors affecting the degree of eutrophication are:

The causes of eutrophication include:

a) Natural:

b) Anthropogenic:

Control of nutrient inputs:

What we found....

Elements found in the lake of Xochimilco

Results

Construction of the proposed biosensors was not completed successfully due to what appear to be flawed ligations and/or low efficiency competent cells. The necessary methodology and procedures have been laid down for further work on construction, development and improvement of the biosensor system in the future. Further work include the completion of the biosensors, proof of concept growing bacteria in absence and presence of stimuli and application of biosensors to a range of samples from specific points distributed all along Xochimilco lake. Results of these tests could be then applied in the construction a map of the lake specifying the most critical points that need to be treated.

Figure 1. The agarose gel shows the unsuccesful ligations, represented on the right.

Human Practices

Travesuras 2014

GenetiX, as a student group, participated in the event Travesuras 2014, which had place the 26 of April 2014 inside the installations of Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Ciudad de Mexico. The GenetiX station was located in the high-school chemistry laboratory where 4 groups attended, composed around of 25 children each, with ages that ranged between 7 and 16 years. Inside the station there were nine of our members present involving children into science in a fun and enriching way for them. These experiments included de polymerization of “Slime” with color and “Silly Putty”.

Before initiating the experiment, a quick explanation of the process of polymerization was given. For the polymerization of the Slime, the kids had the opportunity of adding in plastic cups 10mL of polyvinyl alcohol and 3 mL of a borax solution in addition with a drop of colorant. Later, the children agitated the mixture with wooden sticks until it took the slimy consistence expected. This procedure was made in groups of between 2 and 3 kids who shared the slime.

Finally a DNA demonstration took place. For such, a banana was cut into pieces and got liquefied in a blender with distilled water and 2.5 gr of NaCl. It was liquefied until a dense liquid was achieved and then poured into a coffee filter inside a glass flask. We left the mixture in filtration for about 10 min until the flask was half-full. Afterwards 5ml of liquid soap was added to the pulp in order to break the cell walls and membranes and free the DNA. Also 3 gr of meat tenderizer and another 3 grs of sodium bicarbonate were added into the mixture. Once the ingredients were added, the sufficient amount of cold ethanol was added in order to form a thin layer above the banana mixture. Since the DNA is insoluble in ethanol, a whitish layer appears above the banana mixture. Once the process ended, the final mixture was shown to the children and a brief explanation of what DNA is was given.

Travesuras 2013

GenetiX firstly participated in the Christmas themed Travesuras 2013. In this event, kids from other schools raging from Elementary schools to Middle Schools attended to be part of various activities made by us, students from the Tecnologico de Monterrey, surrounding the topic of Christmas.

We were mostly involved in helping prepare the decoration of the main stations. Some of the activities that we participated in was the making of cardboard spheres and decoration of said materials, including decorations such as Christmas trees, hanging colored paper in patterns and the working tables as well.

We also helped to cover the floor for decoration and prevent further stains in the real floor. We were tasked with watching and guarding the kids during the whole event and also to entertain them.