Team:CIDEB-UANL Mexico/labwork discussions

Here is the interpretation of the results that were obtained on all the experiments

Capture module - [Go to Results]

Ligation of NhaS and pSB1C3

The ligation transformed in E. coli of the NhaS module produced red and white colonies when we expected only red colonies (bacteria expressing the RFP). We did not know the reason of the unexpected result so we designed an experiment with the UV light promoter.

The NhaS module was proved in the experiment with the Petri Dishes in the UV camera. The red bacteria was already red (meaning that the RFP expression already started) before being exposed to the UV camera at 302nm. The promoter pUV 1765001 is activated by the UV exposition under 360 nm. This is an unexpected result so this can mean that the promoter is so sensible to the UV light that the normal UV radiation is enough to activate it. In the part description is reported that the UV promoter must get active and the protein must be expressed after 10 minutes of exposure in the UV camera, but after 2 hours there was no change in the white colonies so the RFP was not expressed there.

After doing the experiment we obtained that the red colonies continued with the RFP expression and the white colonies did not changed in color. As we expected to activate the RFP expression in the white colonies, this means that the time of the exposure was not enough to activate the UV promoter or the promoter did not worked in the conditions we thought it would work. To see if the promoter was already activated we did another experiment.

The experiment with NaCl in different concentrations in Petri Dishes showed that the bacteria grew in a medium with high NaCl concentration. The control group with non-modified bacteria did not grow because it did not contain the Nhas insert so it was not able to survive in a saline medium. The white bacteria did actually grow but they did not expressed the RFP, but the fact that they did grow means that they have the NaCl resistance and the insert is inside them.

As the white and red colonies are supposed to come from the same ligation and to contain the same genetic information we need to prove that the insert was inside them. In order to prove this we sent samples of DNA to be sequenced to the DNA Synthesis and Sequentiation Biotechnology Institute Unit (USSDNA in Spanish), from the UNAM.

The primer used was in the complementary reverse chain, so the sequences are in the 3’ to 5’ direction. We did an analysis of the sequences obtained by aligning them with the BLAST Software.

The RFP sequence used in the alignment was the following (in 5' to 3' direction):

Atggcttcctccgaagacgttatcaaagagttcatgcgtttcaaagttcgtatggaaggttccgttaa
cggtcacgagttcgaaatcgaaggtgaaggtgaaggtcgtccgtacgaaggtacccagaccgctaaac
tgaaagttaccaaaggtggtccgctgccgttcgcttgggacatcctgtccccgcagttccagtacggt
tccaaagcttacgttaaacacccggctgacatcccggactacctgaaactgtccttcccggaaggttt
caaatgggaacgtgttatgaacttcgaagacggtggtgttgttaccgttacccaggactcctccctgc
aagacggtgagttcatctacaaagttaaactgcgtggtaccaacttcccgtccgacggtccggttatg
cagaaaaaaaccatgggttgggaagcttccaccgaacgtatgtacccggaagacggtgctctgaaagg
tgaaatcaaaatgcgtctgaaactgaaagacggtggtcactacgacgctgaagttaaaaccacctaca
tggctaaaaaaccggttcagctgccgggtgcttacaaaaccgacatcaaactggacatcacctcccac
aacgaagactacaccatcgttgaacagtacgaacgtgctgaaggtcgtcactccaccggtgcttaata
acgctgatagtgctagtgtagatcgctaa

It was aligned with the sequences obtained from the samples Nhas white bacteria and Nhas red bacteria.

NhaS sequence from white colonies (in 3' to 5' direction of the complementary reverse)

TAAATAAAAAGTTTTTTCTAATGCGTTTCTTCTCCTACAACCGAAAACACCGGGTCAGTGAGCGAGGA
ACCTGCATAACGCGAAGCACGCTTTTCCGCAAGAAGAAAAAGGGCAGGGTGGTGACACCTTGCCCTTT
TTTGCCGGACTGCAGCGGCCGCTACTAGTATTAGCGATCTACACTAGCACTATCAGCGTTATTAAGCA
CCGGTGGAGTGACTACCTTCAGCACGTTCGTACTGTTCAACGATGGTGTAGTCTTCGTTGTGGGAGGT
GATGTCCAGTTTGATGTCGGTTTTGTAAGCACCCGGCAGCTGAACCGGTTTTTTAGCCATGTAGGTGG
TTTTAACTTCAGCGTCGTAGTGACCACCGTCTTTCAGTTTCAGACGCATTTTGATTTCACCTTTCAGA
GCACCGTCTTCCGGGTACATACGTTCGGTGGAAGCTTCCCAACCCATGGTTTTTTTCTGCATAACCGG 
ACCGTCGGACGGGAAGTTGGTACCACGCAGTTTAACTTTGTAGATGAACTCACCGTCTTGCAGGGAGG
AGTCCTGGGTAACGGTAACAACACCACCGTCTTCGAAGTTCATAACACGTTCCCATTTGAAACCTTCC
GGGAAGGACAGTTTCAGGTAGTCCGGGATGTCAGCCGGGTGTTTAACGTAAGCTTTGGAACCGTACTG
GAACTGCGGGGACAGGATGTCCCAAGCGAACGGCAGCGGACCACCTTTGGTAACTTTCAGTTTAGCGG
TCTGGGTACCTTCGTACGGACGACCTTCACCTTCACCTTCGATTTTCGAACTCGTGACCGTTAACGGA
ACCTTTCCATACATGACCATGTTCTCTCGTCTGATTAGCATCGTGAGCCTGATTCTGTCCTTCTACTT
CGCTTACAAATACCGTTATCGTGTGATTAACGCGGTGCTGGGCCGTCGCTGGCTGCGTAAAGTTATTA
TCGGTTTTGCCATGCAGATTCCGATGATTCGTGACCGTATGCTGGGTAGCGTTCTGCAAAGTAACCGT
CCGCAAAATGTGTAA

NhaS sequence from red colonies (in 3' to 5' direction of the complementary reverse)

AAAGTGTCCACCCCGTACGACCGAGCGGAGCGAGTCAGTGAGCGAGGAAGCCTGCATAACGCGAAGTA
ATCTTTTCGGCTTAAAGAAAAAGGGCAGGGTGGTGACACCTTGCCCTTTTTTGCCGGACTGCAGCGGC
CGCTACTAGTATATAAACGCAGAAAGGCCCACCCGAAGGTGAGCCAGTGTGACTCTAGTAGAGAGCGT
TCACCGACAAACAACAGATAAAACGAAAGGCCCAGTCTTTCGACTGAGCCTTTCGTTTTATTTGATGC
CTGGCTCTAGTAGCGATCTACACTAGCACTATCAGCGTTATTAAGCACCGGTGGAGTGACGACCTTCA
GCACGTTCGTACTGTTCAACGATGGTGTAGTCTTCGTTGTGGGAGGTGATGTCCAGTTTGATGTCGGT
TTTGTAAGCACCCGGCAGCTGAACCGGTTTTTTAGCCATGTAGGTGGTTTTAACTTCAGCGTCGTAGT
GACCACCGTCTTTCAGTTTCAGACGCATTTTGATTTCACCTTTCAGAGCACCGTCTTCCGGGTACATA
CGTTCGGTGGAAGCTTCCCAACCCATGGTTTTTTTCTGCATAACCGGACCGTCGGACGGGAAGTTGGT
ACCACGCAGTTTAACTTTGTAGATGAACTCACCGTCTTGCAGGGAGGAGTCCTGGGTAACGGTAACAA
CACCACCGTCTTCGAAGTTCATAACACGTTCCCATTTGAAACCTTCCGGGAAGGACAGTTTCAGGTAG
TCCGGGATGTCAGCCGGGTGTTTTAACGTAAGCTTTGGAACCGTACTGGAACTGCGGGGAACAGGATG
TCCCAAGCGAACGGCAGCGGACCACCTTTGGTAACTTTCAGTTTAGCGGTCTCGGGTACCTTCGAACG
GACGACCTTCACCTTCACCCTTCAATTTTCAAACTCGTGACCGTAAACGGAACCTTTCCATACAACTT
TGAAAACGCATGAAACTCATTTGAATAACGTCTTCCGGAAGAAAGCCCAATCTAAGTATTTTCTCCCT
CTTTTCTCATATAAATGTGATGAATATTTGATCTATCCGCCCTCCAACAACTTTCCCACAACAATCAT
GTATCGAAATTCCTGTTATACGACACTATAAAGATGGTATAAAAAGCCCGTGGAGGGGGCGTGACCA

Report

The report obtained from the analysis with the NhaS in red colonies is the following:

The RFP original sequence has a length of 709 bp. The match started at position 3 and ended at position 708, this means that almost all the RFP is present in the sample sequenced as we expected because the colonies were red.

The report obtained from the analysis with the NhaS in white colonies is the following:

The match ends at the 709 position from the original RFP sequence, but it did not star from the position 1 or 3, it starts at position 50. This means that there are 49 nucleotides that did not match with the original RFP sequence. This can be a possible cause in the problem with the RFP expression in white colonies, a mutation in the region of the RFP.

We also made an analysis with the Ribosome Binding Site (RBS) sequence:

In the red colonies there where two matches, which is the complete sequence but in two parts: from 1 to 7 and from 6 to 12 positions. In the white colonies there was only one match, this means that the RBS sequence was not found there. If the RBS previous to the RFP has a problem, the mRNA cannot bind in the ribosome, and is not able to be translated.

With these results we can infer that the BioBrick works find and expresses the NhaS (because both of them survive in a high NaCl concentrated medium) but it stops being translated in the RBS or in the RFP region causing the colonies to be white instead of red but being able to survive in a medium with high NaCl concentration.

The question is if the problem is caused by a mutation, When did it happen?

The ligation transformed contained a DNA obtained from a digestion done the May 16th in the 3rd week registered in the Notebook. This digestion was exposed to the UV light camera at 302nm for about 5 minutes. After the digestion it was ligated and purified. Later it was transformed in E. coli. The chance of occurring a mutation of this insert was 1) before the miniPrep, inside the cell or 2) due to the UV radiation after the transformation. The UV radiation at 312nm can cause a damage in the DNA sample and to reduce the succes in transormation in E. coli (Gründemann, 1996). There are also several types of mutagenesis due to the UV radiation inside the cell (Ikehata & Ono, 2011) that can have occurred before the transformation to some samples of the plasmid. The red bacteria had the original DNA and the white bacteria had the mutated DNA.

Aroma module - [Go to Results]

Qualitative experiment

People had different opinions while smelling the different Petri dishes with the aroma transformed bacteria. All of them used different words but at the end most of them remitted to the same meaning. The MIT team documented that the odor was produced when it was added 2mM of salicylic acid, so it was expected that the Petri dishes did not smell so much, but the results indicated that there was a mayor odor at 10mM than at 2mM (experiment previously done).

In the samples of 20 mM, both of the bacteria that was grown under 32 ºC had a little smell, which in theory, should not had happened because the riboswitch should be a loop at that temperature. One posible explanation is that the riboswitch is very sensitive to heat, and it could be activated during the time in which the Petri dishes were outside the incubator to perform the experiment and with the heat of the hands of the people who smelled it.

Finally, all of the samples that had a concentration of 30 mM of salicylic acid smelled like rotten food. By this, it can be inferred that all the bacteria in the Petri Dishes could not withstand the condition that particular concentration of salicylic acid, therefore they died, because “growth in a subinhibitory concentration of salicylic acid resulted in a significant reduction in the number of bacterial cells and a reduction in the rate of the number of bacteria increasing during logarithmic growth” (Bandara MB, et. al. 2006)

Bibliography

● Gründemann, D., & Schömig, E. (1996) Protection of DNA during preparative agarose gel electrophoresis against damage induced by ultraviolet light. Biotechniques, 21, 898-903.

● Ikehata, H., & Ono, T. (2011) The Mechanisms of UV Mutagenesis. Journal of Radiation Research, 52, 115-125.

● iGEM Colombian Team 2007 (2007, October 26). Part:BBa I765001. Retrieved June 15, 2014, from http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_I765001

● Bandara MB, et al. (2006, October). Salicylic acid reduces the product... [Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006] - PubMed - NCBI. Retrieved June 13, 2014, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17003439