Team:Charlottesville RS/Project

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Project Idea

Junk Food

In Albemarle county, most of the waste water goes and is processed through the Moores Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), which is managed by the Rivanna Water & Sewer Authority. Each year, the plant purchases 250,000 dollars worth of glycerin, which is then used as “food” for bacteria which degrade the other organic matter in the water.

The UVa iGEM team from 2008 created a part that, when added, enables E Coli to produce polyhydroxybutyrate, a biodegradable, bio-derived plastic. Our idea is to make a type of E Coli that produces this plastic, with a reporter which fluoresces when the bacteria is successfully producing.

The plant could then use this bacteria to create polyhydroxybutyrate, filter out the E Coli, and then use the plastic as an alternative food source for their bacteria, saving them 250,000 dollars per year, as well as giving them a renewable energy source for their plant.

File:HD Sensing.png Fig. 1: A killer cell senses the specific signal of autoinducer-2 secreted by prey cells and chases them with chemotaxis	File:Fig 0-System.png Fig. 2: Once the preys are caught the killer cells are induced by a second specific signal, autoinducer-1, to activate a killer mechanism.

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Project Realization

Have you ever wondered, why numbers of iGEM team members are limited to a maximum of twelve students? Apart from financial resources, this limit is only natural: efficient work with larger team sizes requires a subtle organization and project management, in particular when the team is yet green! On top, team formation and project work have to be conducted within a short time interval and under liabilities to the academic curriculum - both on the student and the advisor sides. The social abilities for reliable team formation, in particular communication, team integration, and consequence to work towards common team goals, must therefore be substantial and dedicated to compensate these circumstances. When you visit our portraits, however, you will realize that we are not really green and that each of us has an active past often intricately connected with scientific work. In our project description we provide a sincere answer to the apparent question, if 16 "greenhorns" can push forward in only four months to contribute research on an international level!

In order to streamline our horse-power, we divide the project into four columns, which are simultaneously developed by us and can merge in the end with a synergistic effect to a complex population system (modeling inclusive). At the same time the global progress is robust towards each column, consequently a delay or failure in one column will not lead to a breakdown of the overall project. In accordance with current scientific standards demanded in systems and synthetic biology, we pursue an interdisciplinary approach combining mathematics, experimental, and quantitative biology [3].

The first column (Project - Sensing) comprises the design and development of a sensing module. Chemotaxis is a very effective mechanism of bacteria to move towards nutrients. Using the natural signals for bacterial quorum communication, we re-design a chemotactic receptor for detection of the quorum signal (AI-2) and its transmission to the chemotaxis signaling network. A prey strain, which is to be found via the sensing mechanism, will be engineered to secrete two prey specific quorum signals (AI-1 and AI-2). We dedicate two columns to the development of a killing mechanism to secure a higher implementation confidence: In one column, the second (Project - Killing I/Phages), a killing mechanism is developed based on bacteriophages, which are conjugated into prey cells, once the killers are in their vicinity. In prey cells, however, the phage becomes lytic due to the missing regulation of the cI transcription factor; the phage is thereby released and infects other prey cells in a domino effect. The killing module in the third column (Project - Killing II/Colicins) can be considered as a mechanism for recognition of molecular exudation patterns. Once killer cells are in the vicinity of preys, they detect the specific signal molecule AI-1, which leads to the production and release of colicins. The bactericide substance, to which the producing host is resistant, will then eliminate the prone prey. In a fourth column (Modeling) we model the system behavior of these two bacterial strains - the killer and the prey - in a 2D landscape. One approach is based on partial differential equations and simulates chemotaxis and the colicin killing mechanism; the second approach, based on delay differential equations, analyzes the killing dynamics of conjugated bacteriophages. Visualization - the architrave - with microscopy is finally employed to quantify bacterial density landscapes in space and time - allowing a phenotypic connection and comparison with our modeling work. An experimental engagement would these days of course not be appreciable without the active responsibility towards the sake of the community under ethical considerations. We therefore actively engage in human practice ... and the pupils are enthusiastic!

In Figure 3 you can see the essence of our project: The sensing column could be advanced significantly, though efficient chemotaxis towards AI-2 could not be established. The phages are conjugated efficiently, though a killing of the prey could not yet be experimentally implemented. The colicin column and the modeling, however, worked out in all respects, and the human practice work has found enthusiastic resonance. With seven new standardized Biobrick parts, all of them have been shown to work, four characterized new parts and one characterized old part, we will run a high pace for the hottest awards at the championship jamboree in one week!

File:HD overview2 klein.png

Fig. 3: Overview on project advancements. The colicin, the modeling, and the human practice columns are immaculate.

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Project Perspectives

This project is supposed to be a wet model for a mechanism of specific target finding and elimination, in particular of cancer cells. There is clear evidence that bacteria accumulate in tumor areas [4, 5]. One reason might be the immunosuppressive effect of the tumor. The possibility to discriminate cancer patients from breath samples [6, 7, 8] gives rise to the idea to use bacterial receptors for the recognition of specific molecular exudation patterns. The effect of bacterial accumulation might in this way be enhanced by the engineering of a pattern sensitive chemotaxis mechanism. Furthermore bacteria could be induced very specifically in the near environment of the tumor to metabolize a pre-curser into a tumor suppressive molecule. Both mechanisms, increased accumulation at tumor sites and tumor located drug metabolism, would lead to a potentiated selectivity for the elimination of cancer cells. If the toxin is then also cancer cell specific - as could be shown by Pastan et al. [9] - then three strong effects would fulminate into ... of course, all this is still music of the future - but we are sure: it will be the future!

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Literature

[1]	K. Brenner et al., Engineered bidirectional communication mediates a consensus in a microbial biofilm consortium, PNAS, Vol. 104 (44), pp. 17300-17304 (2007)
[2]	G. H. Wadhams and J. P. Armitage, Making sense of it all: bacterial chemotaxis, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cel. Bio., Vol. 5, pp. 1024-1037 (2004)
[3]	N. Wingreen and D. Botstein, Back to future: education for systems-level biologists, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cel. Bio., Vol. 7(11), pp. 829-832
[4]	J. M. Pawelek et al., Bacteria as tumour-targeting vectors, The Lancet Oncology, Vol. 4, pp. 548-546 (2003)
[5]	H. Loessner et al., Remote control of tumour-targeted Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium by the use of L-arabinose as inducer of bacterial gene expression in vivo, Cellular Microbiology, Vol 9 (6), pp. 1529-1537 (2007)
[6]	C. M. Willis et al., Olfactory detection of human bladder cancer by dogs: proof of principle study, Biomedical Journal, Vol. 329 (2009)
[7]	M. Phillips et al., Detection of Lung Cancer with Volatile Markers in the Breath, Chest, Vol. 123, pp. 2115-2123 (2003)
[8]	M. Phillips et al., Volatile organic compounds in breath as markers of lung cancer: a cross-sectional study, The Lancet, Vol. 353, pp. 1930-1934 (1999)
[9]	I. Pastan and D. Fitzgerald, Recombinant Toxins for Cancer Treatment, Science, Vol. , pp. 1173-1177 (1991)

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Phips the Phage

Hi, you are new here and hear about synthetic Biology for the first time? Perfect! I am Phips the Phage and will be your guide to this exciting field of biological research and if you like I will explain the background synthetic biology and gentic engineering as well as of this project to you. Just follow me... follow Phips

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-You are very interested in this exciting project, but did not understand all details? Well then come on with me on my guiding tour [[Team:Heidelberg/Human_Practice/Phips_the_Phage/General_Backround|'''... follow phips to step 3''']] [[Image:Phips_3.png|middle|50px]]  [ [[Team:Heidelberg/Team| ''... back to step 2'']] ]
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-<br>
-<div> ''Deutsche Übersetzung:''
-'''Ecolizenz zum Töten: Eine ''E. coli''-Konstruktion zum gezielten Angriff auf pathogene Mikroorganismen'''
-Pathogene Mikroorganismen stellen eine große Herausforderung sowohl für die Medizin als auch für die Industrie dar. Gemeinschaften aus Mikroorganismen, die in der Fachsprache als Biofilme bezeichnet werden, haben sich als äußerst resistent gegenüber konventionellen Therapien erwiesen [1]. Um deren Wachstum zu bekämpfen bedarf es daher alternativen Ansätzen. Die Entstehung von Biofilmen, genauso wie die der Virulenz, die Produktion von Antibiotika oder die Bildung von Sporen werden durch Kommunikations-Schaltkreise reguliert, die auf kleinen Signalmolekülen - den sogennanten Autoinduzierern (AI) - basieren. Unser Ziel ist es, diese Kommunikationsmechanismen in der Weise zu integrieren, dass synthetische Bakterien potenziell gefährliche, AI-ausschüttende Spezies aufspüren und töten können. Mit ''E. coli'' als Modellorganismus beabsichtigen wir zwei separate Stämme - einen Killer- und einen Beutestamm - zu entwerfen. Das Projekt gliedert sich in zwei ergänzende Module: Die Signalerkennung umfasst die Modifizierung des Chemotaxis-Systems von E. coli [2], um Killer-Zellen zu den Beute-Zellen schwimmen zu lassen. Dafür ist es notwendig, dass ein Erkennungsmodul einen Beute-spezifischen Stimulus an die Signalkaskade für Chemotaxis weiterleitet, so dass die Killer-Zellen entgegen des Gradienten des Stimulus schwimmen. Das gerichtete Schwimmen kommt nur zum Erliegen, wenn sich die Killer-Zellen in der unmittelbaren Umgebung der Beute-Zellen befinden - dort, wo die Stimuluskonzentration maximal ist. Das Killer-Modul gewährt, dass - einmal in der Nähe der Beute angekommen - ein bakterizider Mechanismus aktiviert wird. Computermodelle werden ergänzend zeigen, wie sich die beiden Modelle im Zusammenspiel verhalten, und wie die Effizienz des Gesamtsystems in seiner räumlichen Umgebung einzuschätzen ist. In Zukunft - sicherlich außerhalb der Reichweite unseres Projekts - könnte die Spezifität auf relevante Pathogene, genauso wie auf andere Organismen, Gewebe oder sogar Krebszellen erweitert werden. </div>
-[[https://2008.igem.org/Team:Heidelberg/Project back]]
 == Project Realization==